Mental Health History: The Most Recent Version The Dsm-5 Has Combined The First Three Axes And Removed The Last Two

Whenever reading MH blogs, I find strength from the MH community on Twitter.

I’ve recently started attending a Art Therapy class, facilitated by my CMHT.

I know most of us are aware that there are certain personalities that are more understanding, empathetic and compassionate ward methan others. I think that, inherently, anxiety and avoidancehave always been part of my makeup. Depression, ‘selfharm’.none of those things reared their heads until I graduated from University and was forced to join society.To me, that was akin to being thrown to the wolves. Greek physicians rejected supernatural explanations of mental disorders.

It was around 400 BC that Hippocrates attempted to separate superstition and religion from medicine by systematizing the belief that a deficiency in or especially an excess of amid the four essential bodily fluids blood, dark yellow bile, blackish bile, and phlegm was responsible for physical and mental illness.

Mentally ill individuals were cared for indoors by family members and the state shared no responsibility for their care. Someone who was should be the necessary treatment. Humorism remained a recurrent somatogenic theory up until the 19th century. This is the case. Hippocrates classified mental illness into one of four categories epilepsy, mania, melancholia, and brain fever and like other prominent physicians and philosophers of his time, he did not believe mental illness was shameful or that mentally ill individuals going to be held accountable for their behavior.

European psychiatry in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century, however, struggled between somatogenic and psychogenic explanations of mental illness, particularly hysteria, that caused physical symptoms just like blindness or paralysis without any apparent physiological explanation.

The Egyptians, and later the Greeks, on p of this employed a somatogenic treatment of strong smelling substances to guide the uterus back to its proper location.

While preventing their proper functioning or producing varied and sometimes painful symptoms, the uterus could become dislodged and attached to parts of the body like the liver or chest cavity. Rather than to a wandering uterus, franz Anton Mesmer. Attributed hysterical symptoms to imbalances in an universal magnetic fluid found in individuals.

James Braid, and Ambroise Auguste Liébault.

Their treatments will also differ, from exorcism to blood letting.

Accordingly the theories, however, remain identical. Fact, an individual believed to be possessed by the devil may be viewed and treated differently from an individual believed to be suffering from an excess of dark yellow bile, as we will see below. Throughout history there are three general theories of the etiology of mental illness. For example, etiological theories of mental illness determine the care and treatment mentally ill individuals receive. Basically, supernatural theories attribute mental illness to possession by evil or demonic spirits, displeasure of gods, eclipses, planetary gravitation, curses, and sin. They coexist as well as recycle over time. Psychogenic theories focus on traumatic or stressful experiences, maladaptive learned associations and cognitions, or distorted perceptions. Somatogenic theories identify disturbances in physical functioning resulting from either illness, genetic inheritance, or brain damage or imbalance.

Progress in the treatment of mental illness necessarily implies improvements in the diagnosis of mental illness.

Other clinicians also suggested popular classification systems but the need for a single, shared system paved the way for the American Psychiatric Association’s 1952 the first publication Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.

It was not until 1883 that German psychiatrist Emil Kräpelin suggestive of an underlying physiological cause, while diagnoses were recognized as far back as the Greeks. Therefore a standardized diagnostic classification system with agreed upon definitions of psychological disorders creates a shared language among ‘mentalhealth’ providers and aids in clinical research. Although, war and economic depression produced vast numbers of undesirables and these were separated from society and sent to these institutions.

Modern treatments of mental illness are most associated with the establishment of hospitals and asylums beginning in the 16th century.

Two of the most famous institutions.

Governments became responsible for housing and feeding undesirables in exchange for their personal liberty, as confinement laws focused on protecting the public from the mentally ill. Mary of Bethlehem in London, known as Bedlam, and the Hôpital Général of Paris which included La Salpêtrière, La Pitié, and La Bicêtre began housing mentally ill patients in the ‘mid 16th’ and 17th centuries. Most inmates were institutionalized against their will, lived in filth and chained to walls, and were commonly exhibited to the public for a fee. Treatments were similar to those for physical illnesses, mental illness was nonetheless viewed somatogenically. Known such institutions’ mission was to house and confine the mentally ill, the poor, the homeless, the unemployed, and the criminal. Between the 11th and 15th centuries, supernatural theories of mental disorders again dominated Europe, fueled by natural disasters like plagues and famines that lay people interpreted as brought about by the devil.

By the late Middle Ages, economic and political turmoil threatened the power of the Roman Catholic church.

Superstition, astrology, and alchemy ok hold, and common treatments included prayer rites, relic touching, confessions, and atonement.

Beginning in the 13th century the mentally ill, especially women, began to be persecuted as witches who were possessed. So, with the Protestant Reformation having plunged Europe into religious strife, at the height of the witch hunts in the course of the 15th through 17th centuries, two Dominican monks wrote the Malleus Maleficarum. Around 2700 BC, Chinese medicine’s concept of complementary positive and negative bodily forces attributed mental illness to an imbalance between these forces. Of course, a harmonious life that allowed for the proper balance of yin and yang and movement of vital air was essential, as such. Anyway, while Greek physician Galen. Temple attendance with religious healing ceremonies and incantations to the gods were employed to assist in the healing process. Physicians were also believed to be able to comfort and cure madness. Throughout classical antiquity we see a return to supernatural theories of demonic possession or godly displeasure to account for abnormal behavior that was beyond the person’s control. Then again, treatment consisted of confessing sins and repenting, hebrews saw madness as punishment from God.

Whenever providing the launching pad for the more than 400 different schools of psychotherapy found today, psychoanalysis was the dominant psychogenic treatment for mental illness in the course of the first half of the 20th century.

Their efficacy in treating mental illness is due to factors shared among the approaches, Negligible differences was found among all these approaches.

Quite a few these schools cluster around broader behavioral, cognitive, cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic, and client centered approaches to psychotherapy applied in individual, marital, family, or group formats. She advocated for the establishment of state hospitals, when retired school teacher Dorothea Dix discovered the negligence that resulted from such conditions. By the late 19th century, moral treatment had given way to the mental hygiene movement, founded by former patient Clifford Beers with the publication of his 1908 memoir A Mind That Found Itself. You should take this seriously. Between 1840 and1880, she helped establish DSM has undergone various revisions, and So it’s the 1980 DSM II version that began a multiaxial classification system that ok into account the entire individual rather than just the specific problem behavior.

These revisions reflect an attempt to similar to health diagnoses outlined by the World Health Organization.

Axes II and IV list any relevant medical conditions or psychosocial or environmental stressors. Essentially, the most recent version the ‘DSM5’ has combined the first three axes and removed the last two. Axes I and I contain the clinical diagnoses, including mental retardation and personality disorders. Axis V provides a global assessment of the individual’s extent of functioning. On p of this, with a special emphasis on the recurrence of three causal explanations for mental illness. And therefore psychogenic factors. Largest part is a history of mental illness from the Stone Age to the 20th century. By the way, the third part concludes with a brief description of the big poser of diagnosis. So this module is divided into three parts. Also, the first is a brief introduction to various criteria we use to define or distinguish between normality and abnormality. With that said, this part briefly uches upon trephination, the Greek theory of hysteria within the context of the four bodily humors, witch hunts, asylums, moral treatment, mesmerism, catharsis, the mental hygiene movement, deinstitutionalization, community mental health services, and managed care.

References to mental illness can be found throughout history.

a behavior is considered normal or abnormal depends on the context surrounding the behavior and thus changes as a function of a particular time and culture Whether, or a behavior is considered.

So evolution of mental illness, however, has not been linear or progressive but rather cyclical. Nonetheless, a less cultural relativist view of abnormal behavior has focused instead on whether behavior poses a threat to oneself or others or causes a lot pain and suffering that it interferes with one’s work responsibilities or with one’s relationships with family and friends. In the past, uncommon behavior or behavior that deviated from the sociocultural norms and expectations of a specific culture and period had been used as a way to silence or control certain individuals or groups.

Aided in clinical research, and allowed clinicians to be reimbursed by insurance companies for their services, And so it’s not without criticism, while the DSM has provided a necessary shared language for clinicians.

It’s also a medicalized categorical classification system that assumes disordered behavior does not differ in degree but in kind, as opposed to a dimensional classification system that should plot disordered behavior along a continuum.

Did you know that the DSM is on the basis of clinical and research findings from Western culture, primarily the United States. For example, these concerns appear to be relevant even in the DSM 5 version that came out in May of 2013. Whenever contributing to the continued concern of labeling and stigmatizing mentally ill individuals, that almost half of Americans will have a diagnosable disorder in their lifetime, the overall amount of diagnosable disorders has tripled since it was first published in 1952.